Dynamics of C natural abundance in wood decomposing fungi and their ecophysiological implications

Factors that affect the δ¹³C values of fungi need to be analyzed for the progress of isotope-based studies of food-chain or organic matter dynamics in soils. To analyze the factors that control δ¹³C values of the fungal body, basidiomycete and ascomycete species were grown on a beechwood substrate (six species) and in glucose medium (nine species), and the δ¹³C value of produced fungal body was compared to that of the carbon source. The ¹³C enrichment (Δδ¹³C) in the fungal aggregates compared to the decomposed wood varied from 1.2 to 6.3‰ among six species. In the glucose substrate experiment, the degree of ¹³C enrichment in the hyphal mat was relatively small and varied from −0.1 to 2.8‰ among nine basidiomycetes species depending on their growth stage. Calculated δ¹³C values of the respired CO₂ were lower than those of the hyphal mat, organic metabolites and the glucose used. The degree of ¹³C enrichment was affected by fungal species, substrate and growth stage. Fungal internal metabolic processes are the plausible mechanism for the observed isotopic discrimination between fungal bodies and substrates. Especially, dark fixation of ambient CO₂ and kinetic isotope fractionation during assimilation and dissimilation reactions could well explain Δδ¹³C dynamics in our experiments. Through the analysis of field Δδ¹³C, we could know undisturbed fungal status about starvation, aeration and type of decomposition.     

Activite biologique des sols,modalités et lithodépendance

Summary In the first part of this paper, the qualitative and quantitative role of brown pigments in leaf litter is emphasized. In general, these products contain mainly nitrogen and are relatively resistant to mineralization. Earthworms and white rot fungi are considered the primary metabolizers of these complex compounds, whereas bacteria, enchytraeids and microarthropods seem to play a minor role in biodegradation of these compounds. The biodynamic behaviour of these compounds may account for the formation of mull, which is usually linked to high activity of earthworms and white rot fungi. On the other hand, moder formation is mainly carried out by activities of enchytraeids and different microarthropods in another type of litter with other properties, both in quantity as well as in quality. In the second part of this review, some examples are given which stress the role of the inorganic composition of the parent material (for example, the percentage of Fe in the C horizon derived from Rhetian sandstone) for biological activity in the corresponding soil. The effect of mineral nutrients applied by man are also discussed. In general the presence and activities of the various organisms and their biocoenoses depend largely upon the environmental conditions, the type and amount of organic litter and the productivity of the entire ecosystem.

Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

TRMM卫星降水数据在喀斯特山区的适用性分析——以贵州省为例

以1998—2012年研究区26个气象站点实测降水数据和同期TRMM 3B43降水数据为数据源,在GIS技术的支持下,运用相关系数(R)、相对误差(BIAS)分析和探讨月、季、年尺度和单个站点的TRMM 3B43降水数据在研究区的适用性和分布规律。分析表明:(1)TRMM 3B43降水数据和气象站点观测数据的相关性较好,在年尺度上,TRMM 3B43降水数据总体精度较高,相关系数R为0.75,但也存在个别站点误差较大,最大误差达到19.13%,总体上TRMM 3B43降水数据比站点观测数据稍微偏大;(2)季节尺度上,TRMM 3B43降水数据和站点观测数据春季的相关系数R达到0.82,要高于秋季和冬季。夏季较差,但相关系数R也达到0.79,且均通过置信度100%检验;(3)TRMM 3B43降水数据在月尺度上数据精度最高,相关系数R达到0.91;(4)数据个体精度检验上选取了19个气象站点,各个观测站点的拟合优度R2均在0.75以上,相关系数R均大于0.80,结果表明TRMM 3B43降水数据在研究区具有较好的适用性。     

植物篱技术发展回顾和贵州省的研究进展

通过国际国内植物篱技术发展的回顾,认为通过研究,已初步形成了一种新型的、可供推广应用的坡耕地治理技术。植物篱技术的优点在于能有效的控制坡地的水土流失,增加作物的产量,增加经济收益,促进畜牧业的发展,在逐步形成梯地的过程中,投资较省、地力得到提高。但在该技术的推广应用上,因受地域条件差异的影响和农民对经济效益的追求使成篱作物较难选择,形成的植物篱容易破坏。我们采用农民参与选择成篱作物的方法,实践证明在一定范围内,农民能选择出风险小、经济效益较高,适合当地条件的,受群众欢迎的新型植物篱模式,能促进植物篱技术发展,明显地提高了植物篱技术推广的成功率。     

贵州省退耕还林紧迫性地域分级与退耕策略

退耕还林是治理贵州省水土流失的有效措施,科学分析陡坡耕地的数量,尤其是分析陡坡耕地占一定区域国土面积的比例,是制定退耕地还林战略实施的重要依据。在深入分析贵州陡坡耕的现状及影响因素基础上,提出以陡坡耕地占区域国土面积比例作为退耕还林紧迫性的指标,将全省82个县(区、市)的退耕地还林紧迫性分为7级3类,提出贵州省实施退耕还林的战略是占全省国土面积56.63%的极重点退耕类型区和重点退耕类型区,从而可实现全省75.39%陡坡耕地退耕。同时,提出了林种结构配置比例的原则。     

白羽王鸽不同组织RT-qPCR内参基因的筛选

内参基因的正确选择是获得精准、可靠RT-qPCR数据的重要前提。本研究随机选取3只28日龄的白羽王鸽,采集心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胸肌、腿肌、腹脂、卵巢9个组织作为实验材料,选取GAPDH、β-actin、18S rRNA和RPS24个常见的内参基因作为候选内参基因。利用RT-qPCR技术和geNorm、NormFinder、BestKeeper软件及Ct值分析法对候选基因在不同组织中的表达进行检测和稳定性分析。结果表明:geNorm、NormFinder软件分析与Ct值分析法的结果一致,即18S rRNA基因稳定性最佳,RPS2次之;BestKeeper软件的分析结果显示RPS2基因表达稳定性最好,18S rRNA基因次之。因此,推荐选择RPS2+18S rRNA的内参基因组合用于白羽王鸽不同组织基因表达的研究。     

LncWNT3-IT affects the proliferation of Sertoli cells by regulating the expression of the WNT3 gene in goat testis

The proliferation and differentiation ability of testicular Sertoli cells directly affects spermatogenesis and male reproductive development. WNT proteins are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and spermatogenesis. Therefore, to study whether lncRNAs, which regulate the expression of WNT proteins during cell proliferation and differentiation, are worthwhile. In this study, testicular tissue from the Dazu black goat (Capra, goat, Chongqing, China) at neonatal time (less than 7 days old), early puberty time (45 days old) and sexual maturity time (90 days old) at three ages was subjected to high-throughput sequencing to predict testicular growth and development associated with WNT lncRNA. The final screening of lncWNT3-IT may be targeted to regulate the expression of WNT3. At the same time, the expression of WNT3 was verified by lncWNT3-IT by paraffin sectioning, fluorescence in situ hybridization, interference, overexpression, cytotoxicity assay, Western blotting and qPCR. The following results were obtained: lncWNT3-IT was expressed in the testicular Sertoli cells and played a role in the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. Fluorescence in situ hybridization localization analysis showed that lncWNT3-IT positively regulated the expression of WNT3, and through cell viability and cell proliferation experiments, it was found that the expression of lncWNT3-IT assisted in Sertoli cell proliferation. In summary, lncWNT3-IT can influence the proliferation of Sertoli cells by positively regulating the expression of WNT3.     

Comparison of two models to estimate genetic parameters for number of born alive in pigs

The performance of the two‐trait animal model that regards the first parity and later parities as two different traits in estimating genetic parameters for number of born alive (NBA) was examined using real and simulated data. Genetic parameters for NBA were estimated in purebred Landrace and Large White pigs using a single‐trait repeatability model (Model 1) that regards all parities as the same trait and a two‐trait animal model (Model 2) that regards the first and the later parities as different traits. For Model 2, the permanent environmental effect was fitted to only the records of the later parities. Heritability for NBA estimated using Model 1 was 0.12 for Landrace and 0.11 for Large White. Estimated heritability for NBA of the first parity and the later parities was 0.21 and 0.16, respectively, for Landrace; 0.18 and 0.16, respectively, for Large White obtained using Model 2, and higher than those in both breeds obtained using Model 1. Further results based on data simulated using the Monte Carlo method suggest that estimated additive genetic variance could be more biased using Model 2 than Model 1.     

补饲不同蛋白水平日粮对北川白山羊生产性能和屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究放牧补饲不同蛋白水平日粮对北川白山羊生产性能和屠宰性能的影响。选择60只(6月龄)北川白山羊作为研究对象,随机分成4组,即14%蛋白组、16%蛋白组、18%蛋白组和对照组(不补饲),每组15只,测定生产性能、血液生化指标和屠宰性能。结果显示:补饲组北川白山羊平均日增重、血清总胆固醇、尿素氮含量、葡萄糖含量、谷草转氨酶活性、宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、眼肌面积以及羊肉粗蛋白含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。随着补饲蛋白水平的增加,血清尿素氮含量呈线性增加(P<0.05),而羊肉水分含量呈线性减少(P<0.05);平均日增重、血清总胆固醇含量、血清葡萄糖含量和羊肉粗蛋白呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。结果表明:补饲不同蛋白水平日粮可以提高血清中血糖、尿素氮、总胆固醇浓度和谷草转氨酶活性,可以在一定程度上改善和提高北川白山羊的生产性能、屠宰性能及肉品质等,北川白山羊的补饲料适宜蛋白水平为16%。     

贵州东部地区茶园生态系统中瓢虫种类调查（续）

继1996年在《茶叶科学》上报道贵州东部地区茶园瓢虫6个亚科27种,又报道了该地区茶园瓢虫63种,隶属于26属9亚科。记述了这63种瓢虫分布地区、寄主昆虫、捕食性或者食植性。首次记录了该地区的显盾瓢虫亚科和食植瓢虫亚科,以及生活在茶园生态系统边缘、菌食性的素菌瓢虫属和捕食叶螨的食螨瓢虫属。